Table of contents

1. Constitutional norms regarding religion - 2. TFUE and ECHR norms regarding religion - 3. Constitutional jurisprudence: from "Catholic" elements to conscience - 4. (Continued:) From derogation to balancing - 5. Conscience as an essential element of religions (and atheisms)? - The debate on "atheistic religions" or "religious atheisms": a) Kelsen - 6.1 (Continued:) b) Dworkin - 6.2 (Continued:) c) Beck - 6.3 Concluding remark

Abstract

The contribution illustrates the essential elements of religions considering the pronouncements of the Constitutional Court, having particular regard to the main issues of protection of specific identities as an essential element of pluralist laicity.